16-YEAR-OLD COSMIC MYSTERY SOLVED, REVEALING STELLAR MISSING LINK

16-YEAR-OLD COSMIC MYSTERY SOLVED, REVEALING STELLAR MISSING LINK
The Blue Ring Nebula, which perplexed scientists for over a decade, appears to be the youngest known example of two stars merged into one
Maunakea, Hawaii – In 2004, scientists with NASA’s space-based Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) spotted an object unlike any they’d seen before in our Milky Way galaxy: a large, faint blob of gas with a star at its center. Though it doesn’t actually emit light visible to the human eye, GALEX captured the blob in ultraviolet (UV) light and thus appeared blue in the images; subsequent observations also revealed a thick ring structure within it. So the team nicknamed it the Blue Ring Nebula. Over the next 16 years, they studied it with multiple Earth- and space-based telescopes, including W. M. Keck Observatory on Maunakea in Hawaii, but the more they learned, the more mysterious it seemed.
A new study published online on Nov. 18 in the journal Nature may have cracked the case. By applying cutting-edge theoretical models to the slew of data that has been collected on this object, the authors posit the nebula – a cloud of gas in space – is likely composed of debris from two stars that collided and merged into a single star.
While merged star systems are thought to be fairly common, they are nearly impossible to study immediately after they form because they’re obscured by debris kicked up by the collision. Once the debris has cleared – at least hundreds of thousands of years later – they’re challenging to identify because they resemble non-merged stars. The Blue Ring Nebula appears to be the missing link: astronomers are seeing the star system only a few thousand years after the merger, when evidence of the union is still plentiful. It appears to be the first known example of a merged star system at this stage.

Operated between 2003 and 2013 and managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory
in Southern California, GALEX was designed to help study the history of star formation
by observing young star populations in UV light. Most objects seen by GALEX radiated
both near-UV (represented as yellow in GALEX images) and far-UV (represented as
blue), but the Blue Ring Nebula stood out because it emitted only far-UV light.
The object’s size was similar to that of a supernova remnant, which forms when a
massive star runs out of fuel and explodes, or a planetary nebula, the puffed-up remains
of a star the size of our Sun. But the Blue Ring Nebula had a living star at its center.
Furthermore, supernova remnants and planetary nebulas radiate in multiple light
wavelengths outside the UV range, whereas the Blue Ring Nebula did not.
PHANTOM PLANET
In 2006, the GALEX team looked at the nebula with the 5.1-meter Hale telescope at the
Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, California, and then with the even more
powerful 10-meter Keck Observatory telescopes. They found evidence of a shockwave
in the nebula using Keck Observatory’s Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS),
suggesting the gas composing the Blue Ring Nebula had indeed been expelled by
some kind of violent event around the central star.
“Keck’s LRIS spectra of the shock front was invaluable for nailing down how the Blue
Ring Nebula came to be,” said Keri Hoadley, an astrophysicist at Caltech and lead
author of the study. “Its velocity was moving too fast for a typical planetary nebula yet
too slow to be a supernova. This unusual, in-between speed gave us a strong clue that
something else must have happened to create the nebula.”
Data from Keck Observatory’s High-Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) also
suggested the star was pulling a large amount of material onto its surface. But where
was the material coming from?
“The HIRES observations at Keck gave us the first evidence that the system was
accreting material,” said co-author Mark Seibert, an astrophysicist with the Carnegie
Institution for Science and a member of the GALEX team at Caltech, which manages
JPL. “For quite a long time we thought that maybe there was a planet several times the
mass of Jupiter being torn apart by the star, and that was throwing all that gas out of the
system. Though the HIRES data appeared to support this theory, it also told us to be
wary of that interpretation, suggesting the accretion may have something to do with
motions in the atmosphere of the central star.”
To gather more data, in 2012, the GALEX team used NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey
Explorer (WISE), a space telescope that studied the sky in infrared light, and identified a
disk of dust orbiting closely around the star. Archival data from three other infrared
observatories also spotted the disk. The finding didn’t rule out the possibility that a
planet was also orbiting the star, but eventually the team would show that the disk and
the material expelled into space came from something larger than even a giant planet.
Then in 2017, the Hobby-Eberly Telescope in Texas confirmed there was no compact
object orbiting the star.
More than a decade after discovering the Blue Ring Nebula, the team had gathered
data on the system from four space telescopes, four ground-based telescopes,
historical observations of the star going back to 1895 (in order to look for changes in its
brightness over time), and the help of citizen scientists through the American
Association of Variable Star Observers. But an explanation for what had created the
nebula still eluded them.
STELLAR SLEUTHING
When Hoadley began working with the GALEX science team in 2017, “the group had
kind of hit a wall” with the Blue Ring Nebula, she said. But Hoadley was fascinated by
the thus-far unexplainable object and its bizarre features, so she accepted the challenge
of trying to solve the mystery. It seemed likely that the solution would not come from
more observations of the system, but from cutting-edge theories that could make sense
of the existing data. So Chris Martin, principal investigator for GALEX at Caltech,
reached out to Brian Metzger of Columbia University for help.
As a theoretical astrophysicist, Metzger makes mathematical and computational models
of cosmic phenomena, which can be used to predict how those phenomena will look
and behave. He specializes in cosmic mergers – collisions between a variety of objects,
whether they be planets and stars or two black holes.
“It wasn’t just that Brian could explain the data we were seeing; he was essentially
predicting what we had observed before he saw it,” said Hoadley. “He’d say, ‘If this is a
stellar merger, then you should see X,’ and it was like, ‘Yes! We see that!'”
The team concluded the nebula was the product of a relatively fresh stellar merger that
likely occurred between a star similar to our Sun and another only about one tenth that
size (or about 100 times the mass of Jupiter). Nearing the end of its life, the Sun-like
star began to swell, creeping closer to its companion. Eventually, the smaller star fell
into a downward spiral toward its larger companion. Along the way, the larger star tore
the smaller star apart, wrapping itself in a ring of debris before swallowing the smaller
star entirely.
This was the violent event that led to the formation of the Blue Ring Nebula. The merger
launched a cloud of hot debris into space that was sliced in two by the gas disk. This
created two cone-shaped debris clouds, their bases moving away from the star in
opposite directions and getting wider as they travel outward. The base of one cone is
coming almost directly toward Earth and the other almost directly away. They are too
faint to see alone, but the area where the cones overlap (as seen from Earth) forms the
central blue ring GALEX observed.
Millennia passed, and the expanding debris cloud cooled and formed molecules and
dust, including hydrogen molecules that collided with the interstellar medium, the sparse
collection of atoms and energetic particles that fill the space between stars. The
collisions excited the hydrogen molecules, causing them to radiate in a specific
wavelength of far-UV light. Over time, the glow became just bright enough for GALEX to
see.
Stellar mergers may occur as often as once every 10 years in our Milky Way galaxy,
meaning it’s possible that a sizeable population of the stars we see in the sky were once
two.
“We see plenty of two-star systems that might merge someday, and we think we’ve
identified stars that merged maybe millions of years ago. But we have almost no data
on what happens in between,” said Metzger. “We think there are probably plenty of
young remnants of stellar mergers in our galaxy, and the Blue Ring Nebula might show
us what they look like so we can identify more of them.”
Though this is likely the conclusion of a 16-year-old mystery, it may also be the
beginning of a new chapter in the study of stellar mergers.
“It’s amazing that GALEX was able to find this really faint object that we weren’t looking
for but that turns out to be something really interesting to astronomers,” said Seibert. “It
just reiterates that when you look at the universe in a new wavelength or in a new way,
you find things you never imagined you would.”

The Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS) is a very versatile visible-wavelength
imaging and spectroscopy instrument commissioned in 1993 and operating at the
Cassegrain focus of Keck I. Since it has been commissioned it has seen two major
upgrades to further enhance its capabilities: addition of a second, blue arm optimized
for shorter wavelengths of light; and the installation of detectors that are much more
sensitive at the longest (red)wavelengths. Each arm is optimized for the wavelengths it
covers. This large range of wavelength coverage, combined with the instrument’s high
sensitivity, allows the study of everything from comets (which have interesting features
in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum), to the blue light from star formation, to the red
light of very distant objects. LRIS also records the spectra of up to 50 objects
simultaneously, especially useful for studies of clusters of galaxies in the most distant
reaches, and earliest times, of the universe. LRIS was used in observing distant
supernovae by astronomers who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in2011 for
research determining that the universe was speeding up in its expansion.